Winnie The Pooh - Piglet Lidwina Mayang: Introduction to the Internet and Web

Sabtu, 02 April 2011

Introduction to the Internet and Web


Internet  A worldwide collection of interconnecte computer networks.
The Internet is made up of many separate but interconnected networks belonging to commercial, education and government organization, and Internet  Service Providers  (ISP). The service offered on the Internet include electronic mail (e-mail), conferencing and chat service as well as the ability to access remote computers, and send and receive files.  It began is the late 1960s and early 1970s as an experimental US Department of Defense project called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency NETwork) investigating how to build networks that could withstand partial outages (like nuclear bomb attack) and still survive.
In 1982, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) was adopted as the standard communication protocol for ARPANET. TCP is responsible for ensuring correct delivery of message that move from one computer  to another. IP manages the sending and receiving  of packets of data between machine, based on a tour-byte destination address (the IP number), which is assigned to an organization by the Internet authorities. The term TCP/IP sometimes refers to the entire Internet suite of protocol that are commonly run on TCP/IP. Such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),  Telnet (Telecommunication Network), DNS (Domain Nam Service), POP (Post Office Protocol), and so forth.
In the process developing this technology, the military forged strong links with large corporation and universities. As a result , responsibility for the continuing research shifted to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and, in 1986, NSFNET (National Science Foundation NETwork) was created, forming the new backbone of the network. Under the aegis of the NSF the network became known as the Internet. However, NSFNET itself ceased to form the Internet  backbone in 1995, and a fully commercial system of backbones has been created in its place. The current Internet has been likened to an electronic city with virtual libraries storefronts, business, offices, art  galleries, and so on.
Another term that is popular, particularly with the media, is the “Information Superhighway”. This is a metaphor for the future worldwide network that will provide connectivity.  Access to information, and online services for users around the world. The term was first used n 1993 by the then US Vice President Al Gore in a speech outlining plans to build a high-speed national data communications network, of which the Internet is a prototype. In his book, The Road Ahead. Bill Gates of Microsoft likens the information Superhighway to the building of the national highway system in the United States, where the Internet represents the starting point in the construction of a new order of networked communication (Gates 1995).
The Internet began with funding from the US NSF as a means to allow American universities to share the resources of live national supercomputing centers. Its numbers of users quickly grew as access became cheap enough for domestic users to have available on this links on PCs. By the early 1990s, the wealth of information made freely available on this network had increased so much as Archie, Gopher, Veronica, and WAIS (Wide Area Information Service). Which provide service through a menu-based interface. In contrast, the Web uses hypertext to allow browsing.
From initially connection a handful of nodes with ARPANET, the Internet was estimated to have over 100 million users in January 1997. One year later, the estimated had risen to over 270 million users in over 100 countries, and in early 2001 the revised estimated was over 390 million users. One projection for expected growth predicts 640 million users by 2003. In addition, there are presently  about 2.5 billion documents on the Internet, growing at 7.5 million a day. If we include intranets and extranets, the number of documents rises to an incredible 550 billion.






Sumber:
  • ·         DATABASE SYSTEM “A Practical Aprroach to Design, Implementation and    Management”, THOMAS CONNOLY CAROLYN BEGG.
  • ·         www.Google.com

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